IHI and IMI research projects have contributed to the successful production of vaccines, such as the Janssen Ebola vaccine which immunised more than 200 000 people during the 2019 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda. IHI and IMI projects are leading ongoing investigations for vaccine candidates for various diseases, creating tools for monitoring vaccine efficacy, reducing the number of animals used in vaccine development, and investigating the discrepancies in how vaccines work in different population groups.